Sustainability of fishmeal and fish oil production: Balancing aquaculture demand with food security and marine biodiversity

Authors

1 Shrimp Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bushehr, Iran

2 Department of Fisheries Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Kerman, Iran

3 Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran

10.22092/ijfs.2026.135850

Abstract

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and opportunities associated with optimizing fish meal and fish oil (FMFO) production for sustainable food security and biodiversity conservation. FMFO is an important source of omega-3 fatty acids, but its production has negative environmental and social impacts. The article reviews various technological, market, and consumer trends that could shape the future of FMFO production, such as alternative protein sources, precision feeding technologies, circular economy models, and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems. The article emphasizes the need to balance food security and biodiversity conservation, highlighting the detrimental effects of overfishing wild fish stocks for FMFO production. To address this issue, the article advocates for informed consumer choices and sustainable sourcing practices, stressing the importance of transparency and traceability in the FMFO supply chain. A multi-stakeholder approach is necessary to optimize FMFO production for sustainability and conservation, taking into account the perspectives and needs of all stakeholders involved. By embracing sustainable practices and innovative technologies, FMFO production can become more efficient and environmentally friendly while meeting the growing demand for this essential source of omega-3 fatty acids.

Keywords

Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences
Volume 25, Issue 4
July 2026
Pages 691-727

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